Structural Characteristics and Properties of the RNA-Binding PROTEIN hnRNPK at Multiple Physical States

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein K (hnRNPK) is an RNA-binding protein with low-complexity domains (LCDs) that regulate its behavior under stress conditions. This study demonstrates the ability to control hnRNPK’s transitions into four distinct material states—monomer, soluble aggregate, liquid droplet, and fibrillar hydrogel—by modulating environmental factors such as temperature and protein concentration. Importantly, the phase-separated and hydrogel states are newly identified for hnRNPK, marking a significant advancement in understanding its material properties. A combination of biophysical techniques, including DLS and SEC-LS, was used to further characterize hnRNPK in monomeric and soluble aggregate states. Structural methods, such as SANS, SAXS, and TEM, revealed the elongated morphology of the hnRNPK monomer. Environmental perturbations, such as decreased temperature or crowding agents, drove hnRNPK into phase-separated or gel-like states, each with distinct biophysical characteristics. These novel states were further analyzed using SEM, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence microscopy. Collectively, these results demonstrate the complex behaviors of hnRNPK under different conditions and illustrate the properties of the protein in each material state. Transitions of hnRNPK upon condition changes could potentially affect functions of hnRNPK, playing a significant role in regulation of hnRNPK-involved processes in the cell.