Footprints of Wolves and Foxes: Phylogeography and Population History of Canidae

This review explores the evolutionary history and global expansion of canid species, focusing on the phylogeny and distribution of existing canids, along with the phylogeographic patterns and population history of several key species. It begins by tracing the evolutionary lineage of canids from their origins in the Eocene, emphasizing their significance as one of the oldest extant carnivore groups. The global distribution patterns of canids are significantly influenced by ecological factors, including climate, geographical barriers, dietary preferences, and human activities. The review then summarizes the phylogenetic relationships and worldwide distribution of current canid species. It concludes by examining the phylogeographic characteristics of prominent species within the genus Canis (wolves) and Vulpes (Arctic fox and red fox). By integrating genomics, archaeology, and ecology, this review offers novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics of canids and highlights key areas for future research, such as enhancing the accuracy of population history inferences, advancing ancient genomics, developing experimental techniques, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration.