Assessing Walkability in Urban Environments: A Comprehensive Overview

Walkability, defined as the degree to which urban environments encourage walking, is a vital component of sustainable urban development. It enhances public health, reduces environmental pollution, and fosters social cohesion. This review investigates the current state of walkability research, emphasizing tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Walk Score, and Agent-Based Modeling (ABM). While traditional methods offer valuable insights, they often neglect socio-economic and demographic factors influencing walking behaviors. ABM enables dynamic simulations that incorporate individual preferences, environmental conditions, and urban design features, offering a deeper understanding of pedestrian movement. Key components of walkability, including density, diversity, design, and safety, are examined alongside the application of multi-criteria decision-making frameworks (e.g., MCDM/MABAC). Insights from global case studies highlight the effectiveness of these tools in modeling pedestrian flows and assessing urban design interventions. This study identifies critical gaps, including the integration of emerging technologies, mental health outcomes, and inclusive design for diverse populations. The findings underscore the need for a global walkability assessment platform, integrating ABM, GIS, and real-time data to guide urban planners in creating healthier, more sustainable cities. Enhancing walkability can significantly improve public health, environmental quality, and quality of life in urban areas worldwide.