Assessment of Spatial Dynamics and Resilience of Forest Cover in Lomami National Park (Drc): Implications for Conservation and Sustainable Ecosystem Management

Lomami National Park, located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, is renowned for the integrity of its forest ecosystems, safeguarded by the absence of agricultural activities and limited road access. However, these ecosystems remain under-researched, particularly regarding forest cover dynamics. This research gap poses a significant challenge to establishing rigorous monitoring, which is essential for ensuring the long-term preservation of these valuable ecosystems. This study evaluates land cover dynamics within Lomami National Park through supervised classification of Landsat images from 2008, 2016, and 2024. Seven spatial structure indices were calculated to highlight the dynamics of landscape composition and configuration, distinguishing between the park's core and buffer zones. The underlying spatial transformation processes were identified using a decision tree approach. The results highlight a striking contrast in forest cover stability between Lomami National Park and its surrounding periphery. Within the park, forest cover has not only been preserved but has also shown a modest increase, rising from 92.60% to 92.75%. In contrast, the peripheral zone experienced a significant decline in forest cover, decreasing from 79.32% to 70.48% over the same period. This stability within the park goes beyond simply maintaining forested areas; it includes the preservation and strengthening of the spatial structure of forest ecosystems. For instance, edge density, which is a key indicator of forest edge compactness, remained stable in the park, fluctuating between 8 m/ha and 9 m/ha. However, in the peripheral zone, edge density exceeded 35 m/ha, suggesting that forest edges in the park are considerably more cohesive and intact than in the surrounding areas. Furthermore, the spatial transformation processes within each area underscore these contrasting dynamics. In the park, the main process was aggregation of primary forest patches, which reflects a trend toward continuous and connected forest landscapes. By contrast, the peripheral zone experienced dissection, indicating fragmentation and breakdown of forest patches. Together, these findings underscore the park's role in maintaining both the extent and the structural integrity of forest ecosystems, setting it apart from the more degraded periphery. These findings highlight not only the resilience of forest ecosystems in the face of limited anthropogenic pressures but also the crucial importance of effective land management and rigorous conservation strategies in addressing the challenges of urbanization and surrounding rural expansion. They further emphasize that well-adapted conservation measures, combined with specific demographic and socio-economic conditions, can play a pivotal role in long-term forest preservation and ecological stability.