Cosmological Expansion Rate—Various Measurements and Interpretation III

Differently measured values of the Hubble constants for extragalactic objects are not considered here. We give a number of examples for the extreme agreement of expansion rates of different fields of knowledge with the cosmological expansion rate. The correspondence of the expansion rates means that a common cause is almost inevitable. All these examples are gravitationally bound and in this case are subject to cosmological expansion. According to standard theory, this should not occur. We therefore question the common boundary of gravity and expansion on both theoretical and observational grounds and conclude that all gravitationally dominated objects participate in cosmological expansion or scale drift in contradiction to the general doctrine. Space expands with its contents while numerically maintaining distance, radius, rotation time and density. What is generally interpreted as expansion is obviously a scale drift with a drift rate that corresponds to the size of the Hubble constant. The Earth is subject to expansion and scale drift. This results in numerically constant measurements. This drift also seems to apply to distant galaxies and other objects. The cosmological redshift is not interpreted here as a Doppler effect and numerical increase in distances, but rather as an expansion or drift of the space-time scale, in accordance with standard theory. The expansion of the radii of galaxies makes the assumption of dark matter superfluous. The continents and our everyday environment are not subject to expansion or scale drift.