A Universal Empirical Formula for the Fermion Mass Spectrum
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The fermion mass hierarchy and the replication of generations are among the core mysteries of the Standard Model (SM). This paper proposes a universal empirical formula for describing the mass spectra of third-generation fermions, which can accurately describe the masses of all charged leptons, up type quarks, and down type quarks to within 1% precision. The universality of this mathematical form across three disparate fermion families suggests a common underlying physical principle for mass generation, providing a new constraint for model-building beyond the SM.