Black Hole Entropy; Expansion of the Universe,   Resolves Hubble Tension, Alternative to Dark Energy

We present a novel way to understand why the universe is expanding faster today. Instead of invoking a mysterious “dark energy,” we argue that the driver of cosmic acceleration is the growth of Higgs–entropy at black hole (BH) event horizons. In this picture, black holes are not just cosmic sinks but processors of matter and information . As matter falls in, it is broken down, step by step at the event horizon, and the information carried by the Higgs field - the field that gives particles their mass - is re-encoded entropy. Because both the Higgs field and entropy are spread evenly throughout the cosmos, their growth naturally influences the expansion of space itself.

Using the basic thermodynamic law δQ = TdS (heat equals temperature times entropy change), we reformulate the Friedmann equation of cosmology to include an extra term for entropy production. This predicts that the universe’s expansion rate is directly tied to the rate of entropy growth, H ∼ Γ_S. Remarkably, this matches the observed average Hubble expansion rate and resolves Hubble tension today, without requiring dark energy. The model also predicts that acceleration is temporary: as BHs finish processing most Higgs-encoded matter, entropy production slows, and the universe’s expansion will eventually coast rather than accelerate forever.

This framework makes clear, testable predictions. Baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) , the large-scale ripples in galaxy distributions, act as tracers of Higgs–entropy dynamics. Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in X-ray emissions from black holes provide direct signatures of entropy discharge at horizons. Together with gravitational waves and subtle cosmic microwave background (CMB) anomalies, these observations provide a roadmap to confirm or falsify the Higgs–entropy cosmology.

In short: the universe expands because BHs develop entropy. The future of cosmology may lie not in dark energy, but in the simple principle that gravity responds to Higgs–entropy .