Biological, Behavioral, and Socio-Structural Determinants of Population Health: A Narrative Review

Population health is shaped by complex interactions between biological, behavioral, psychological, and structural determinants. While genetic and physiological predispositions contribute to disease vulnerability, the influence of early life experiences and social environments is increasingly recognized. This narrative review explores how health outcomes are influenced by intersecting domains of genetics, caregiving behaviors, socio-political systems, and environmental conditions. Particular attention is given to how these factors manifest in vulnerable populations, such as children, low-income groups, and marginalized labor sectors. The paper also highlights recent findings from Bangladeshi research to contextualize these determinants in a low-resource setting.