Hippo signaling pathway activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to host antiviral response

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Abstract

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, causes respiratory failure and damage to multiple organ systems. The emergence of viral variants poses a risk of vaccine failures and prolongation of the pandemic. However, our understanding of the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent COVID-19 pathophysiology is limited. In this study, we have uncovered a critical role for the evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Given the complexity of COVID-19-associated cell injury and immunopathogenesis processes, we investigated Hippo pathway dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 infection by utilizing COVID-19 lung samples and human cell models based on pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) and human primary lung air–liquid interface (ALI) cultures. SARS-CoV-2 infection caused activation of the Hippo signaling pathway in COVID-19 lung and in vitro cultures. Both parental and Delta variant of concern (VOC) strains induced Hippo pathway. The chemical inhibition and gene knockdown of upstream kinases MST1/2 and LATS1 resulted in significantly enhanced SARS-CoV-2 replication, indicating antiviral roles. Verteporfin, a pharmacological inhibitor of the Hippo pathway downstream transactivator, YAP, significantly reduced virus replication. These results delineate a direct antiviral role for Hippo signaling in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for this pathway to be pharmacologically targeted to treat COVID-19.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2022.04.07.487520: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    EthicsIRB: Ethics Statement: For human tissue procurement, large airways and bronchial tissues were acquired after lung transplantations at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center from deidentified normal human donors following Institutional Review Board (IRB)
    IACUC: Use of these established cell lines for the study was approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee at UCLA. shRNA-mediated gene silencing: hPSC-CM cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were added in a 48-well plate.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    BlindingUsing a double blinded approach to count the positively stained cells, Image J’s plugin Cell Counter program was used.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Fixed cells were immunostained with anti-spike antibody (NR-616 Monoclonal Antibody) to assess virus replication.
    anti-spike
    suggested: None
    Viral infection was examined by immunostaining or western blot analysis using SARS-CoV-2 antibodies [BEI Resources: NR-10361
    SARS-CoV-2
    suggested: None
    The slides were then stained with YAP (S127) antibody (Cell Signaling, 13008, 1-100) and CD68 antibody (Dako, m0876, 1-200) at 4 degree overnight, the signal was detected using Bond Polymer Refine Detection Kit (Leica Microsystems, catalogue #DS9800) with a diaminobenzidine reaction to detect antibody labeling and hematoxylin counterstaining.
    S127
    suggested: None
    CD68
    suggested: (Agilent Cat# M0876, RRID:AB_2074844)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    SARS-CoV-2 was passaged once in Vero E6 cells and viral stocks were aliquoted and stored at −80°C.
    Vero E6
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)
    Infection: Calu-3 cells were seeded at 30 × 103 cells per well in 0.2 ml volumes using a 96-well plate and hPSC-CMs were replated at 1 × 105 cells per well in a 48-well plate.
    Calu-3
    suggested: IZSLER Cat# BS TCL 103, RRID:CVCL_0609)
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    The pLKO.1-puro sh-RNA targeting YAP1 (5’-CCGGCCCAGTTAAATGTTCACCAATCTCGAGATTGGTGAACATTTAACTGGGTTTTTG-3’), LATS1 (5’-CCGGCAAGTCAGAAATCCACCCAAACTCGAGTTTGGGTGGATTTCTGACTTGTTTTT-3’) or pLKO.
    pLKO.1-puro
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_125778)
    pLKO
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Image Analysis/Quantification: The confocal images were obtained using the Leica Application Suite X (LAS X) and/or the Zeiss LSM 700 Confocal Microscopy by Zeiss Software Program with maximum intensity projection feature.
    Zeiss Software Program
    suggested: None
    Total number of cells in each image was obtained by manually counting all the DAPI stained nuclei using ImageJ program (Version 1.8.0;
    ImageJ
    suggested: (ImageJ, RRID:SCR_003070)
    The raw read counts per gene were used as inputs for differential expression gene analysis using DESeq2 v1.28.1 in R v4.0.355.
    DESeq2
    suggested: (DESeq, RRID:SCR_000154)
    (KEGG) pathway database was used to examine the hippo signaling pathway in the DEG datasets58.
    KEGG
    suggested: (KEGG, RRID:SCR_012773)
    The gene expression data used in this study were retrieved at Gene Expression Omnibus with accession numbers GSE150316 54 and GSE15039257.
    Gene Expression Omnibus
    suggested: (Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, RRID:SCR_005012)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.