Factors associated with development of symptomatic disease in Ethiopian COVID-19 patients: a case-control study
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Abstract
Background
Studies show that having some symptoms seems to be associated with more severe disease and poor prognosis. Therefore, knowing who is more susceptible to symptomatic COVID-19 disease is important to provide targeted preventive and management practice. The aim of the study was to assess factors associated with the development of symptomatic disease among COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia.
Methods
A case-control study was conducted from August to September 2020 among a randomly selected 730 COVID-19 patients (337 Asymptomatic and 393 Symptomatic patients). Chi-square test and independent t-test were used to detect the presence of a statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the cases (symptomatic) and controls (asymptomatic), where p -value of < 0.05 considered as having a statistically significant difference. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to assess a statistically significant association between the independent variables and developing symptomatic COVID-19 where Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR), 95% CIs for AOR, and P -values were used for testing significance and interpretation of results.
Results
The result of the multivariable binary logistic regression shows that age group (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.25, 2.87, p -value = 0.002 for 30–39 years; AOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.73, p -value = 0.028 for 40–49 years and AOR = 4.42, 95% CI = 2.75, 7.12, p -value = 0.0001 for ≥50 years), sex (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.26, 2.45, p -value = 0.001) and history of diabetes mellitus (AOR = 3.90, 95% CI = 1.92, 7.94, p -value = 0.0001) were found to be significant factors that determine the development of symptomatic disease in COVID-19 patients.
Conclusions
Developing a symptomatic COVID-19 disease was found to be associated with exposures of old age, male sex, and being diabetic. Therefore, patients with the above factors should be given enough attention in the prevention and management process, including inpatient management, to pick symptoms earlier and to manage accordingly so that these patients can have a favorable treatment outcome.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.09.20209734: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization Operational Definition: Data Collection Procedures and Quality Assurance: A data abstraction tool to pick all the relevant variables was drafted based on the patient registration and follow-up form and then pretested on 5% of randomly selected charts which were not included in the final data collection. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis Sample Size Determination and Sampling Technique: The sample size was determined using sample size calculation for a case-control study with the following assumptions; 95% confidence interval, power of 90%, one to one ratio of cases and controls, the proportion of males who are symptomatic as 0.85, and … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.09.20209734: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization Operational Definition: Data Collection Procedures and Quality Assurance: A data abstraction tool to pick all the relevant variables was drafted based on the patient registration and follow-up form and then pretested on 5% of randomly selected charts which were not included in the final data collection. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis Sample Size Determination and Sampling Technique: The sample size was determined using sample size calculation for a case-control study with the following assumptions; 95% confidence interval, power of 90%, one to one ratio of cases and controls, the proportion of males who are symptomatic as 0.85, and proportion of females who are asymptomatic as 0.75 and considering a non-response rate of 10%. Sex as a biological variable Sample Size Determination and Sampling Technique: The sample size was determined using sample size calculation for a case-control study with the following assumptions; 95% confidence interval, power of 90%, one to one ratio of cases and controls, the proportion of males who are symptomatic as 0.85, and proportion of females who are asymptomatic as 0.75 and considering a non-response rate of 10%. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data Management and Analysis: The extracted data were coded, entered into Epi-Info version 7.2.1.0, cleaned, stored, and exported to SPSS version 25.0 software for analysis. SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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