Controlling the False Discovery Rate in DIF Detection With e-Values: Evidence From Multidimensional and Testlet Simulations

This study presents the first application of e-value–based false discovery rate (FDR) control to Differential Item Functioning (DIF) detection, addressing long-standing limitations of p -value-based approaches when model assumptions are violated—for example, under multidimensionality, local item dependence, or extreme sample sizes. Two comprehensive simulation studies were conducted to evaluate e-BH (the e-value analogue of BH) procedures, using K-fold and Multisplit likelihood-ratio e-values, under (a) multidimensional contamination and (b) testlet-based local dependence. Across both scenarios, e-BH consistently provided stronger and more stable control of Type I error, FDR, and family-wise error rate (FWER) than classical procedures such as Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) and Holm. Even under severe model misspecification, e-BH maintained substantially lower false-positive rates while remaining relatively competitive in terms of Type II error. A key finding concerns sample size: classical p -value methods exhibited inflation of Type I error as N increased, whereas e-BH preserved stable error control due to its model-agnostic calibration. An empirical application using Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) data further demonstrated that e-BH produces a more defensible and operationally sustainable set of DIF flags than traditional approaches. Together, these results establish e-values as a powerful and robust evidential tool for DIF detection in modern assessment contexts.