The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review
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Abstract
Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min) of human milk is thought to reduce the risk of transmitting viruses to an infant. Some viruses may be secreted into milk – others may be contaminants. The effect of thermal pasteurization on viruses in human milk has yet to be rigorously reviewed. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of common pasteurization techniques on viruses in human milk and non-human milk matrices. Databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) were searched from inception to April 20th, 2020, for primary research articles assessing the impact of pasteurization on viral load or detection of live virus. Reviews were excluded, as were studies lacking quantitative measurements or those assessing pasteurization as a component of a larger process. Overall, of 65 131 reports identified, 109 studies were included. Pasteurization of human milk at a minimum temperature of 56−60 °C is effective at reducing detectable live virus. In cell culture media or plasma, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV) are highly susceptible to heating at ≥56 °C. Although pasteurization parameters and matrices reported vary, all viruses studied, except parvoviruses, were susceptible to thermal killing. Future research important for the study of novel viruses should standardize pasteurization protocols and should test inactivation in human milk.
Novelty In all matrices, including human milk, pasteurization at 62.5 °C was generally sufficient to reduce surviving viral load by several logs or to below the limit of detection. Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min) of human milk should be sufficient to inactivate nonheat resistant viruses, including coronaviruses, if present.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111369: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IRB: The first concept included viral taxonomic families using keywords and MeSH terms based on the nomenclature suggested by the International Committee on Taxonomy(King et al. 2012). Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Search strategy and selection criteria: References for this rapid review were identified through electronic searches of various online databases including MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science, from database inception to April 20th, 2020, with the assistance of a research librarian. MEDLINEsuggested: (MEDLINE, …SciScore for 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111369: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IRB: The first concept included viral taxonomic families using keywords and MeSH terms based on the nomenclature suggested by the International Committee on Taxonomy(King et al. 2012). Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Search strategy and selection criteria: References for this rapid review were identified through electronic searches of various online databases including MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science, from database inception to April 20th, 2020, with the assistance of a research librarian. MEDLINEsuggested: (MEDLINE, RRID:SCR_002185)Embasesuggested: (EMBASE, RRID:SCR_001650)The keywords and MeSH terms included for all database searches were intended to capture all relevant research with respect to thermal pasteurization of viruses in human milk, the primary outcome of this rapid review. MeSHsuggested: (MeSH, RRID:SCR_004750)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:Despite these, the interpretation of our results should be considered alongside its limitations. First, this review was conducted by a single reviewer which may have introduced potential selection bias during initial screening. As a result, our review may not have captured all possible studies. Despite this, the purpose of this review was to rapidly and broadly characterize how viruses in any matrix, including human milk, might respond to thermal pasteurization. Second, the reduction in viral load or detectable live virus that was extracted was approximated if multiple strains of a given virus genus were studied, despite the potential of strain-specific variation in thermal resistance. Third, in our comparison of studies that assessed similar viruses in both a human milk and non-human milk matrix, we chose to aggregate the results to match, to the best of our ability, the pasteurization parameters tested in human milk. While this may have allowed us to assess the temperature and time requirements to achieve a certain log reduction, we were limited to a narrow range of pasteurization conditions. To our knowledge, this rapid review is the first to broadly summarize the literature that has reported on the impact of any thermal pasteurization on virus survival. The results from this study highlight our limited understanding with respect to the effect of thermal pasteurization on viruses in human milk— this is especially relevant given the possibility that novel viruses, including...
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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