Folic acid and methotrexate use and their association with COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality: a case–control analysis from the UK Biobank
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Abstract
To determine if methotrexate or folic acid prescription was associated with differential risk for COVID-19 diagnosis or mortality.
Design
Case–control analysis.
Setting
The population-based UK Biobank (UKBB) cohort.
Participants
Data from 380 380 UKBB participants with general practice prescription data for 2019–2021. Updated medical information was retrieved on 13 December 2021.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
The outcomes of COVID-19 diagnosis and COVID-19-related mortality were analysed by multivariable logistic regression. Exposures evaluated were prescription of folic acid and/or methotrexate. Criteria for COVID-19 diagnosis were (1) a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or (2) ICD-10 code for confirmed COVID-19 (U07.1) or probable COVID-19 (U07.2) in hospital records, or death records. By these criteria, 26 003 individuals were identified with COVID-19 of whom 820 were known to have died from COVID-19. Logistic regression statistical models were adjusted for age sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, body mass index, smoking status, presence of rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease, use of anticonvulsants, statins and iron supplements.
Results
Compared with people prescribed neither folic acid nor methotrexate, people prescribed folic acid supplementation had increased risk of diagnosis of COVID-19 (OR 1.51 (1.42–1.61)). The prescription of methotrexate with or without folic acid was not associated with COVID-19 diagnosis (p≥0.18). People prescribed folic acid supplementation had positive association with death after a diagnosis of COVID-19 (OR 2.64 (2.15–3.24)) in a fully adjusted model. The prescription of methotrexate in combination with folic acid was not associated with an increased risk for COVID-19-related death (1.07 (0.57–1.98)).
Conclusions
We report an association of increased risk for COVID-19 diagnosis and COVID-19-related death in people prescribed folic acid supplementation. Our results also suggest that methotrexate might attenuate these associations.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2022.02.10.22270804: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:With the caveat that our study is observational epidemiology and causality cannot be inferred, our study does support the possibility that external folate supply facilitates the production of large amounts of virus, contributing to clinical infection and …
SciScore for 10.1101/2022.02.10.22270804: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:With the caveat that our study is observational epidemiology and causality cannot be inferred, our study does support the possibility that external folate supply facilitates the production of large amounts of virus, contributing to clinical infection and mortality. Our study also supports the notion that SARS-CoV-2 replication is enhanced by folate supply by our finding that co-prescription of an antifolate (methotrexate) can ameliorate the possibly adverse effect of supplementation with folic acid on COVID-19 outcomes. There is also evidence that inadequate folate status may be harmful in the context of host resistance to infection with SARS-CoV-2. In addition to the well-recognized complication of anemia, folate deficiency has other detrimental health effects, including suppression of immune function.19 Additional support for the concept that adequate folate status is important in COVID-19 outcomes is provided by the observation that folate deficiency was associated with poorer outcomes in a cohort of COVID-19 patients.20 (It is important to note that it is possible that in the study by Itelman et al,20 if increased folate levels were causal of COVID-19 diagnosis and poor outcomes, that the association with lower folate levels could have been caused by selection (collider) bias.21 ) Vitamin B12 deficiency has also been proposed as a factor related to poor COVID-19 outcomes, presumed to be through the induction of functional folate deficiency.22 A drug-protein structure inte...
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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