Seasonality of endemic COVID-19

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Abstract

Successive waves of infection by SARS-CoV-2 have left little doubt that this virus will transition to an endemic disease. Foreknowledge of when to expect seasonal surges is crucial for healthcare and public health decision-making. However, the future seasonality of COVID-19 remains uncertain. Evaluating its seasonality is complicated due to the limited years of SARS-CoV-2 circulation, pandemic dynamics, and varied interventions. In this study, we project the expected endemic seasonality by employing a phylogenetic ancestral and descendant state approach that leverages long-term data on the incidence of circulating HCoV coronaviruses. Our projections indicate asynchronous surges of SARS-CoV-2 across different locations in the northern hemisphere, occurring between October and January in New York and between January and March in Yamagata, Japan. This knowledge of spatiotemporal surges leads to medical preparedness and enables the implementation of targeted public health interventions to mitigate COVID-19 transmission.

IMPORTANCE

The seasonality of COVID-19 is important for effective healthcare and public health decision-making. Previous waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections have indicated that the virus will likely persist as an endemic pathogen with distinct surges. However, the timing and patterns of potentially seasonal surges remain uncertain, rendering effective public health policies uninformed and in danger of poorly anticipating opportunities for intervention, such as well-timed booster vaccination drives. Applying an evolutionary approach to long-term data on closely related circulating coronaviruses, our research provides projections of seasonal surges that should be expected at major temperate population centers. These projections enable local public health efforts that are tailored to expected surges at specific locales or regions. This knowledge is crucial for enhancing medical preparedness and facilitating the implementation of targeted public health interventions.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2022.01.26.22269905: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.

    Table 2: Resources

    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Seasonal infection data—We conducted a literature search using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases searching for terms related to coronavirus, seasonality, and the known seasonalendemic human-infecting coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43).
    HCoV-NL63
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    All data, inferred phylogenetic trees, imputed monthly proportions, and code underlying this study are publicly available on Zenodo: DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5274735. Study Design: We performed a comparative evolutionary analysis on monthly verified cases of HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43 infection within populations across the globe.
    Zenodo
    suggested: (ZENODO, RRID:SCR_004129)
    Tree topologies were inferred by multiple maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses of the concatenated DNA sequence alignment, and results were robust to alternative phylogenetic likelihood search algorithms—IQ-TREE v2.0.6 (67) and RAxML v7.2.8 (68)—and to branch-length differences arising from different approaches to divergence time estimation—IQ-TREE v2.0.6 (67), Relative Times (RelTime; 69) in MEGA X v10.1.9 (70) and TreeTime v0.7.6 (71)—and to a potential history of recombination among or within genes, through phylogenetic analyses using an alignment of the putative non-recombining blocks (72).
    RAxML
    suggested: (RAxML, RRID:SCR_006086)
    MEGA
    suggested: (Mega BLAST, RRID:SCR_011920)
    Seasonal infection data—We conducted a literature search using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases searching for terms related to coronavirus, seasonality, and the known seasonalendemic human-infecting coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43).
    PubMed
    suggested: (PubMed, RRID:SCR_004846)
    Google Scholar
    suggested: (Google Scholar, RRID:SCR_008878)

    Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


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