The interspecific fungal hybrid Verticillium longisporum displays sub-genome-specific gene expression

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Abstract

Hybridization is an important evolutionary mechanism that can enable organisms to adapt to environmental challenges. It has previously been shown that the fungal allodiploid species Verticillium longisporum , causal agent of Verticillium stem striping in rape seed, has originated from at least three independent hybridization events between two haploid Verticillium species. To reveal the impact of genome duplication as a consequence of the hybridization, we studied the genome and transcriptome dynamics upon two independent V. longisporum hybridization events, represented by the hybrid lineages “A1/D1” and “A1/D3”. We show that the V. longisporum genomes are characterized by extensive chromosomal rearrangements, including between parental chromosomal sets. V. longisporum hybrids display signs of evolutionary dynamics that are typically associated with the aftermath of allodiploidization, such as haploidization and a more relaxed gene evolution. Expression patterns of the two sub-genomes within the two hybrid lineages are more similar than those of the shared A1 parent between the two lineages, showing that expression patterns of the parental genomes homogenized within a lineage. However, as genes that display differential parental expression in planta do not typically display the same pattern in vitro , we conclude that sub-genome-specific responses occur in both lineages. Overall, our study uncovers the genomic and transcriptomic plasticity during evolution of the filamentous fungal hybrid V. longisporum and illustrate its adaptive potential.

Importance

Verticillium is a genus of plant-associated fungi that include a handful of plant pathogens that collectively affect a wide range of hosts. On several occasions, haploid Verticillium species hybridized into the stable allodiploid species Verticillium longisporum , which is, in contrast to haploid Verticillium species, a Brassicaceae specialist. Here, we studied the evolutionary genome and transcriptome dynamics of V. longisporum and the impact of the hybridization. V. longisporum genomes display a mosaic structure due do genomic rearrangements between the parental chromosome sets. Similar to other allopolyploid hybrids, V. longisporum displays an ongoing loss of heterozygosity and a more relaxed gene evolution. Also, differential parental gene expression is observed, with an enrichment for genes that encode secreted proteins. Intriguingly, the majority of these genes displays sub-genome-specific responses under differential growth conditions. In conclusion, hybridization has incited the genomic and transcriptomic plasticity that enables adaptation to environmental changes in a parental allele-specific fashion.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/341636: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.

    Table 2: Resources

    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Subsequently, adapter sequences were identified and removed using Porechop (version 0.2.3; default settings); adapters at the end of the reads were trimmed and reads with internal adapters were discarded.
    Porechop
    suggested: (Porechop, RRID:SCR_016967)
    The V. longisporum PD589 genome was de novo assembled using Canu (version 1.8; genomeSize=70m, corOutCoverage=100, batOptions=’-dg 3 -db 3 -dr 1 -ca 500 -cp 50’) (71).
    Canu
    suggested: (Canu, RRID:SCR_015880)
    Juicer (v1.6) was then used to map Hi-C sequencing reads to the previously obtained assemblies (74).
    Juicer
    suggested: (Juicer, RRID:SCR_017226)
    Coverage of the ONT for the V. longisporum PD589 assembly was determined for 20 kb windows with samtools depth (v1.9) (77) and reads were mapped with minimap2 (v2.17-r941) (78).
    samtools
    suggested: (SAMTOOLS, RRID:SCR_002105)
    A single copy of the mitochondrial genome was excised using BEDTools getfasta (v2.23.0) (Quinlan and Hall 2010)
    BEDTools
    suggested: (BEDTools, RRID:SCR_006646)
    Filtered V. longisporum sub-reads were mapped to these single-copy mitochondrial assemblies using circlator (v1.5.5) (Hunt et al. 2015).
    circlator
    suggested: (Circlator, RRID:SCR_016058)
    Gene prediction and functional characterization: The V. longisporum assemblies of strains VLB2, VL20 and PD589 and the previously published assemblies of V. dahliae strains JR2 and CQ2 (46, 61) were annotated using the BRAKER v2.1.4 pipeline with RNA-Seq data with the options “--softmasking” and “-- fungus” enabled (47).
    BRAKER
    suggested: (BRAKER, RRID:SCR_018964)
    RNA-seq reads from Verticillium grown in axenic culture (all replicates) were mapped to the assemblies using TopHat v2.1.1 (79).
    TopHat
    suggested: (TopHat, RRID:SCR_013035)
    Pfam and Gene Ontology (GO) function domains were predicted using InterProScan (v5.42-78.0) (81).
    InterProScan
    suggested: (InterProScan, RRID:SCR_005829)
    A protein was considered a CAZyme if at least two of the three tools (HMMER,DIAMOND and Hotpep) predicted a CAZyme function.
    HMMER
    suggested: (Hmmer, RRID:SCR_005305)
    DIAMOND
    suggested: (DIAMOND, RRID:SCR_009457)
    The features to indicate the biparental origin of the V. longisporum genomes were visualized using the R package circlize (v.0.4.10) (88).
    circlize
    suggested: (circlize, RRID:SCR_002141)
    Genome analysis: The quality of genome assemblies was assessed by screening the presences of Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs) using the BUSCO software version 4.0.6 with the database “ascomycota_odb10” (89).
    Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs
    suggested: (BUSCO, RRID:SCR_015008)
    BUSCO
    suggested: (BUSCO, RRID:SCR_015008)
    Repeats were de novo identified using RepeatModeler (v1.0.11) and combined with the repeat library from RepBase (release 20170127) (90).
    RepeatModeler
    suggested: (RepeatModeler, RRID:SCR_015027)
    The genomic location of repeats was identified with RepeatMasker (v4.0.6).
    RepeatMasker
    suggested: (RepeatMasker, RRID:SCR_012954)
    Nucleotide sequences were separately aligned using MAFFT (v7.464) (91).
    MAFFT
    suggested: (MAFFT, RRID:SCR_011811)
    Phylogenetic trees were inferred using RAxML with the GTRGAMMA substitution model (v8.2.11) (92).
    RAxML
    suggested: (RAxML, RRID:SCR_006086)
    Homologs in Verticillium were determined using nucleotide BLAST (v2.2.31+).
    BLAST
    suggested: (BLASTX, RRID:SCR_001653)
    Global nucleotide alignments using the Needle-Wunsch algorithm of the EMBOSS package were used to determine homologous gene pairs in VLB2 and VL20 (v6.6.0.0) (87)
    EMBOSS
    suggested: (EMBOSS, RRID:SCR_008493)
    The alignments were used to calculate Ka/Ks for every branch of the species phylogeny using codeml module of PAML (v4.9) with the following parameters: F3X4 codon frequency model, wag.
    PAML
    suggested: (PAML, RRID:SCR_014932)
    Gene expression analysis: The RNA sequencing reads were filtered using the Trinity software (v2.9.1) option trimmomatic under the standard settings (97).
    Trinity
    suggested: (Trinity, RRID:SCR_013048)
    trimmomatic
    suggested: (Trimmomatic, RRID:SCR_011848)
    Reads were counted to the predicted gene coding regions using the R package Rsubread (v1.34.7) Significant differential expression of a locus was calculated using the R package edgeR (v3.26.8) (99).
    Rsubread
    suggested: (Rsubread, RRID:SCR_016945)
    edgeR
    suggested: (edgeR, RRID:SCR_012802)
    : Raw RNAseq reads and genome assemblies are deposited at NCBI under the BioProject PRJNA473305.
    BioProject
    suggested: (NCBI BioProject, RRID:SCR_004801)

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    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on page 15. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

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