Construction of a randomly barcoded insertional mutant library in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride

Filamentous fungi play key roles in ecosystems, agriculture, biotechnology, symbiosis, and disease, yet the large-scale characterization of gene function in these organisms remains limited by low transformation efficiencies and their multinucleate, syncytial cells, which complicate high-throughput screening strategies. To address the challenge of high-throughput screening in filamentous fungi, we developed methods to construct a genome-wide barcoded insertional mutant library in Trichoderma atroviride , a filamentous fungus widely used as a biocontrol agent against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Our strategy leveraged randomly barcoded transfer DNA insertions from plasmid libraries containing hundreds of millions of unique DNA barcodes and a broad host-range drug resistance marker delivered via Agrobacterium tumefaciens into T. atroviride . By optimizing transformation conditions, we achieved up to 600 independent transformants per infection event, resulting in a library of over 31,000 mapped insertions disrupting 7,104 of the 11,863 predicted genes in the T. atroviride genome. This resource establishes a scalable platform for high-throughput functional genomics in filamentous fungi, enabling both fundamental investigations of fungal biology and engineering approaches toward improved medical applications, biotechnology, and sustainable agriculture.