Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Response Dynamics with Deep Brain Stimulation to the Subcallosal Cingulate for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) is a promising intervention for treatment-resistant depression, yet objective biomarkers that track recovery remain limited. This study examined longitudinal changes in stimulation-evoked potentials (SEPs) to characterize how SCC-driven cortical communication evolves during treatment. Ten patients across three SCC-DBS trials underwent high-density EEG recordings at 4 and 24 weeks. SEP features were extracted from source-localized SCC signals and related to clinical outcomes and fractional anisotropy (FA) of midcingulate cingulum. Cortical responses showed a consistent reduction in latency and an increase in magnitude over time, indicating faster and stronger electrocortical signaling with chronic stimulation. Higher baseline midcingulate FA predicted greater latency acceleration, linking SEP timing to white-matter integrity. These findings identify temporal SEP dynamics as candidate mechanistic biomarkers that reflect circuit engagement during SCC-DBS and offer a pathway toward physiology-guided optimization of neuromodulation for depression.