HalluDesign: Protein Optimization and de novo Design via Iterative Structure Hallucination and Sequence design

Deep learning has revolutionized biomolecular modeling, enabling the prediction of diverse structures with atomic accuracy. However, leveraging the atomic-level precision of the structure prediction model for de novo design remains challenging. Here, we present HalluDesign, a general all-atom framework for protein optimization and de novo design, which iteratively update protein structure and sequence. HalluDesign harnesses the inherent hallucination capabilities of AlphaFold3-style structure prediction models and enables fine-tune free, forward-pass only sequence-structure co-optimization. Structure conditioning at different noise level in the structure prediction stage allows precise control over the sampling space, facilitating tasks from local and global protein optimization to de novo design. We demonstrate the versatility of this approach by optimizing suboptimal structures, rescuing previously unsuccessful designs, designing new biomolecular interactions and generating new protein structures from scratch. Experimental characterization of binder design spanning small molecule, metal ion, protein, and antibody design of phosphorylation-specific peptide revealed high design success rates and excellent structural accuracy. Together, our comprehensive computational and experimental results highlight the broad utility of this framework. We anticipate that HalluDesign will further unlock the modeling and design potential of AlphaFold3-like models, enabling the systematic creation of complex proteins for a wide range of biotechnological applications.