Trade-offs between surviving and thriving: A careful balance of physiological limitations and reproductive effort under thermal stress

Balancing survival and reproduction presents a fundamental evolutionary challenge, especially in extreme and unpredictable environments. Thermoregulatory behavior in particular imposes a costly trade-off, as time spent maintaining optimal body temperature precludes other essential activities and forces individuals to balance competing selective pressures. By combining field observations, behavioral assays, and gene expression profiling of red-sided garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis ), we describe how an ectothermic vertebrate navigates this trade-off in an extreme thermal environment through a combination of finely tuned mechanisms of behavioral and physiological plasticity. Snakes demonstrated remarkably consistent critical thermal limits, with minimal individual variation, suggesting a hard physiological constraint. Importantly, behavioral temperature thresholds for voluntary withdrawal and courtship cessation occurred within 5 °C of lethal, demonstrating that males routinely operate perilously close to lethal body temperatures in order to maximize reproductive opportunities. Context-dependent plasticity allows males to prioritize mating opportunities over thermoregulation until survival becomes an immediate threat. Molecular analyses of multiple tissues revealed rapid, tissue-specific transcriptomic responses activated within one hour of thermal challenge, well before critical limits were reached. Heat shock proteins were universally upregulated across all tissues under both heat and cold stress, suggesting anticipatory protective mechanisms that support risky behavioral decisions rather than simply responding to thermal damage. Tissue-specific patterns of gene expression reflected functional priorities with liver showing extensive metabolic flexibility, heart maintaining conservative stability, while brain and testis appeared to balance critical functions with stress responses. These findings demonstrate precise thermal reaction norms that integrate behavioral and molecular plasticity to maximize reproductive effort without compromising survival. The narrow margin between behavioral thresholds and lethal limits suggests this system may already be approaching evolutionary constraints. While phenotypic plasticity currently buffers populations against extreme thermal variability, it may paradoxically limit long-term adaptive potential as increasing environmental temperatures further narrow safety margins. Precise thermal decision-making, rapid physiological responses, and context-dependent behavioral switching suggest an evolved solution to the problem of balancing competing selective pressures.