Corylus avellana disease management: using metagenomics to illuminate the rhizosphere microbiome of Corylus

The European hazelnut, Corylus avellana , is one of the most economically important tree nut crops globally. The biotrophic ascomycete pathogen Anisogramma anomala , found naturally associated with wild C. americana , continues to pose a significant threat to European hazelnut production across North America. Rhizosphere microorganisms have demonstrated the capacity to impact diverse plant features and serve as an important resource for the improvement of plant disease outcomes. Here, metagenomics was used to examine the taxonomic and functional features of the rhizosphere microbial communities of hazelnut trees differing in their levels of resistance to A. anomala : highly tolerant Corylus americana , and resistant and susceptible Corylus avellana . No statistically significant differences in microbial alpha diversity or beta diversity were noted between the three rhizosphere groups. Compared to bulk soil, all three rhizosphere groups were enriched for the fungal phylum Basidiomycota and bacterial phylum “ Candidatus Rokubacteriota”. At the genus level, the bacterial genera Actinospica , Occallatibacter , and “ Candidatus Sulfotelmatobacter” were under-represented, while the genus Rhizobacter was over-represented, in the resistant and susceptible C. avellana rhizosphere samples compared to the bulk soil. A total of 45 dereplicated, high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes were generated, corresponding to 41 bacteria and 4 archaea. Many of the metagenome-assembled genomes carried multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, including MAGs corresponding to the genera Lysobacter and Actinospica . Overall, the low differentiation of the rhizosphere microbiomes of the three hazelnut rhizosphere groups suggest that differences in A. anomala disease expression are likely not associated with differences in the rhizosphere microbiome. Nevertheless, the results shed new light on the rhizosphere communities of two species of hazelnut, and woody perennials more broadly, and identify potential avenues for future research into the development of microbial inoculants for Corylus spp..