Speech is defined by theta-gamma coupled acoustic rhythms, mapped onto segregated populations in human early auditory cortex

Theta and gamma neural dynamics dominate the human auditory cortex during speech perception and have been proposed to track syllable boundaries and encode phonemic information, respectively. To what extent these rhythms are intrinsically generated or imposed by speech acoustics remains unsolved. Applying analytic methods from neuroscience to speech audio corpora from 17 languages, we found that canonical brain features —theta, gamma, and their phase-amplitude coupling— are a robust and specific acoustic signature of speech envelope across languages. They represent syllabic rate (2–6 Hz), vocalic features (30–50 Hz), and fundamental frequency (100–150 Hz). Intracerebral (sEEG) recordings from the auditory cortex of 18 epilepsy patients revealed that theta-gamma dynamics and their coupling are absent at rest. They emerge during speech perception and are linearly driven by the acoustic envelope, consistent with an evoked origin. Nevertheless, these responses originate from distinct yet functionally interconnected neural populations, indicating that the early auditory cortex demultiplexes speech timescales. Thus, early auditory cortex mirrors theta–gamma speech rhythms across segregated neural populations.