Emotional amnesia in humans with focal temporal pole lesions

Memory is typically better for emotional relative to neutral events, a process involving amygdala modulation of hippocampal activity ^1–6 . These structures, however, form part of a larger emotional brain network, which in humans includes the temporal pole ⁷ , a cortical node whose functional role in emotional cognition remains poorly understood ^8–10 . Here, we show, in pharmaco-resistant epilepsy patients performing verbal and visual emotional episodic memory tasks, a selective impairment in recalling verbal emotional memories in left ventral temporal pole (vTP) lesioned patients compared with control patients. Memory for neutral words, and verbal comprehension performance on standard neuropsychological testing, were intact in these patients, indicating absence of general episodic memory or semantic impairment. All patients underwent recordings with intracranial electrodes during memory task performance. Left vTP lesioned patients showed no differences in amygdala or hippocampal electrophysiological responses to emotional words, compared with control patients, putatively isolating a vTP role in emotional memory. Unlike verbal emotional recall, left vTP lesioned patients showed memory enhancement for emotional vs. neutral pictures, whereas two patients with right vTP lesions showed the opposite pattern: impaired memory for emotional pictures but intact verbal emotional memory. These observations establish a critical, lateralized, modality-specific role for human vTP in emotional memory, imply emotional memory deficits in neurological conditions affecting this region, and advance the vTP as a target for neuromodulation in diseases characterized by maladaptive emotional memories.