Utilizing large language models to construct a dataset of Württemberg’s 19th-century fauna from historical records

Constructing datasets on past biodiversity from historical sources is crucial for understanding long-term ecological changes. Typically, compiling such datasets relies on prior knowledge of the sources’ composition and requires considerable manual effort. To overcome these challenges, we implement an automated approach based on prompted large language models (LLMs) to detect mentions of species in texts from 19th-century Württemberg and link these mentions to identifiers in the GBIF database. Based on our evaluation, we find that LLMs can reliably identify species in the texts with high recall (92.6%) and precision (95.3%), while providing estimates of the correct species identifier with considerable accuracy (83.0%).