Phylogenetic Analysis of Beta-Lactamases Reveals Distinct Evolutionary Patterns of Chromosomal and Plasmid-Encoded BLs and the Mosaic Role of VIM Linking NDM and IMP

Beta-lactamases (BLs) are a major driver of antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Acinetobacter baumannii, Entero-bacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study explores the structural stability, and functional divergence of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) and AmpC through study of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, phy-logenetic study and identification of conserved domains and motifs. The study also involves analysis of co-evolutionary dynamics of BLs with related genes. PPI analysis identified NagZ as central interacting partner for BLs in P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae, suggesting its pivotal role in BL expression, and highlighting its probable role as a potential drug target. In contrast, A. baumannii exhibited such a high diversity in protein interactions, that considering a single protein as topmost interacting partner was difficult. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong co-evolutionary trends between functionally-related proteins such as NagZ, AmpC and AmpR. Plasmid-encoded MBLs and related proteins seem to exhibit higher HGT rates between Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriaceae. On the other hand, similar evolutionary patterns for chromosomally-encoded BLs like AmpC and related genes was found in A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Analysis of PFAM domains showed that catalytic and substrate binding domains are more conserved than accessory ones. Few domains were found to be conserved across all MBLs and thus carry the potential drug targets. Finally, inter-BL analysis revealed that VIM acts as an evolutionary link by acting like a mosaic between IMP and NDM as supported by intermediate GC content, shared sequence features, and functional domains.