Colony-level pollen collection reflects visitation of managed bumble bees ( Bombus impatiens ) in strawberry fields and surrounding landscapes without improving crop yield

Managed bees are frequently used to supplement pollination of a range of crop plants. Yet, their effectiveness varies and much of their foraging can be outside of the focal crop. Bee foraging behavior is highly sensitive to the availability of alternative floral resources which depend on the composition of the surrounding landscape. To understand how foraging and crop pollination dynamics of the managed common eastern bumble bee ( Bombus impatiens ) are influenced by landscape composition, we assessed their visitation and pollination in cultivated strawberry fields along a landscape gradient. We also used pollen extracted from bumble bee ( Bombus impatiens ) colony wax to understand whole-colony foraging over the blooming period. Bumble bee visits to strawberry crop flowers were very low and did not improve pollination; however, colonies in fields with higher visitation rates had more pollen from the Rosaceae family (including strawberry). We found that landscape composition affected foraging effort on strawberry at the colony level, as a lower proportion of rosaceous pollen was collected in landscapes with more surrounding pasture, while a greater proportion of rosaceous pollen was collected at sites with larger strawberry fields. Overall, our results suggest that managed bumble bees do forage on strawberry crop flowers, but they predominantly forage elsewhere, especially in surrounding pastures when strawberry fields are small. Therefore, addition of bumble bee colonies may not be economically beneficial for strawberry growers at least in diverse agricultural landscapes similar to that of our study region.