Gestational Age as a Predictor of Oxygen Needs and ABG Patterns in Preterm Neonates with RDS: Evidence from a Resource-Limited NICU in Pakistan
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Background
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among premature infants. Their immature lungs lack surfactant, making breathing difficult. These infants need close monitoring with arterial blood gas (ABG) checks to guide oxygen therapy. While gestational age is known to influence disease severity, locally relevant data on oxygen requirements and arterial blood gas (ABG) changes across gestational age groups remain scarce in Pakistan.
Objective
To evaluate gestational age–related variations in oxygen demand, ABG parameters, and respiratory support among preterm neonates with RDS, with the goal of identifying physiologic and management differences that may guide tailored interventions in low-resource NICU settings.
Methodology
This four-month cross-sectional study was conducted in the NICU of the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan. Sixty-five preterm neonates (28–36 weeks) with RDS were enrolled through consecutive sampling. Data on gestational age, oxygen requirement (FiO 2 ), mode of respiratory support, and ABG parameters were collected before and after stabilization on respiratory support. Data were analysed in SPSS 27 using ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Chi-square, paired t-tests, and Spearman’s correlation.
Results
Lower gestational age was linked to higher oxygen needs (FiO 2 83% at 28–30 weeks vs. 55% at 34–36 weeks, p < 0.001) and more invasive ventilation (60% vs. 10%, p = 0.011). ABG parameters correlated significantly with gestational age: earlier gestations had lower pH, higher PaCO 2 , and lower PaO 2 and SaO 2 (all p < 0.05), while HCO 3 − showed no correlation (p = 0.316). Despite stabilization, SaO 2 values remained below the target 90–94% range in all groups.
Conclusion
Gestational age is a key predictor of oxygen needs, ABG derangements, and intensity of respiratory support in preterm neonates with RDS. This first locally relevant evidence from Pakistan underscores the need for gestation-specific oxygen protocols to improve care in resource-limited NICUs and similar low-resource settings worldwide.
Key Messages
What is already known on this topic
Respiratory distress syndrome is a leading cause of illness and death in preterm babies. Oxygen therapy and arterial blood gas monitoring are central to care, but both under- and over-treatment can cause harm. Gestational age strongly influences oxygen needs and outcomes, yet data from local NICUs remain limited.
What this study adds
This study shows that babies born at lower gestational ages need higher FiO 2 and more invasive support. Blood gas values such as pH, PaO 2 , PaCO 2 , and SaO 2 vary significantly with gestational age, while HCO 3 − does not. It also provides locally relevant evidence from Pakistan to guide neonatal care.
How this study might affect research, practice or policy
These findings highlight the need for gestation-specific oxygen therapy and monitoring strategies in NICUs. They support the development of standardized oxygen protocols in resource-limited settings. The results may also inform future research to improve outcomes and reduce preventable complications in preterm infants.
