Morphological and heat-tolerance traits are associated with progression and impact of, but not vulnerability to, tree decline

Warming and drying climate trends are driving tree dieback worldwide with broad-reaching impacts on ecosystem services. Studying decline is unavoidably a retrospective exercise in which researchers are challenged to determine whether trait values that are associated with dieback are drivers versus consquences of decline. In this study, we use the subalpine snow gum ( Eucalyptus pauciflora, ssp niphophila ) as a case study to illustrate how to identify whether plant traits may explain vulnerability of individual trees, assess how progression of dieback symptoms affect traits and physiological tolerance, and ask whether those changes could exacerbate decline. While the impact of drought on tree mortality has been well documented, we consider the potential role of heat which has received considerably less attention. We assessed changes in leaf and stem morphology, and stomatal anatomy across a dieback severity and an abiotic elevation gradient. We also assessed the relationship between these traits, photosystem heat tolerance and dieback progression, using results to model leaf viability under current and future climate scenarios. While severely symptomatic trees exibited trait values indicating water stress, trees with low or moderate dieback were not different from unaffected ones. Thus the differences in severely affected trees are likely responses to water stress caused by woodborer girdling and provide no evidence of underlying trait difference driving vulnerability. Severely symptomatic trees, however, had lower photosystem heat tolerance and models indicated leaves were likely to accumulate lethal damage to photosystems within a growing season, thus contributing to a feedback cycle of decline even under current thermal regimes.