Paying upfront: successful initial infections protect against severe future infections

Understanding the consistency with which individual hosts respond to repeated pathogen exposures is crucial for accurately modeling pathogen transmission and eco-evolutionary dynamics. When hosts face repeated pathogen exposures, immune memory is expected to reduce the probability and/or severity of subsequent infections, yet it remains unclear whether individuals remain consistent in their level of response relative to others. We investigated this question in house finches ( Haemorhous mexicanus ) from two populations varying in history of endemism of the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Individuals were confirmed to be MG-naive at capture and then experimentally inoculated twice with MG, allowing recovery between inoculations. We then asked if host responses to the second inoculation were predicted by responses to initial inoculation, sex, or population of origin. Our results suggest that individuals were not consistent in their relative response levels; rather, a successful initial infection provided protection against a severe second infection, increasing both tolerance and resistance. While we found no population differences in response to the second inoculation, males showed higher susceptibility to the second inoculation than females. Investigating and accounting for individual variation in response to subsequent exposures may improve the precision and accuracy of transmission models for wildlife pathogens.