Thymoquinone Inhibits BTK Expression and Phosphorylation in B-Cell Lymphoma: A Novel Plant-Derived Therapeutic Approach

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a critical regulator of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and a validated therapeutic target in B-cell malignancies. Current BTK inhibitors, such as ibrutinib, have shown clinical efficacy but are associated with side effects and emerging resistance. Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound derived from Nigella sativa , has demonstrated anticancer properties across various tumor types. Here, we investigate the effects of TQ on BTK expression and phosphorylation in the Burkitt lymphoma cell line Namalwa. We show that TQ significantly reduces BTK expression and inhibits its phosphorylation at low concentrations. Using RT-qPCR, we demonstrate that TQ decreases steady-state levels of BTK mRNA. Furthermore, TQ’s effects are comparable to those of ibrutinib, suggesting its potential as a novel BTK inhibitor. These findings highlight TQ as a promising plant-derived therapeutic agent for B-cell malignancies, warranting further preclinical and clinical evaluation.