Mathematical modeling for a primitive form of habituation in an amoeba

Learning abilities, once thought to be unique to higher animals, have been reported to exist in their primitive form in single-celled organisms. This has triggered a growing interest in carefully examining the nature and mechanisms of the primitive versions of learning abilities, which would provide important clues for understanding the evolution of behavioral capabilities in organisms. In this study, we focused on previous experimental studies showing that the slime mold Physarum polycephalum , a model organism for studying protist behavior, exhibits the ability to adapt to chemical environments. We propose a possible dynamic mechanism underlying this habituation, reproducing reported experimental observations with accuracy. By refining a mathematical model that was as simple as possible and based on non-specific biochemical processes within cells, we clarified a plausible mechanistic framework. Based on these results, we examined the similarities and differences between this framework and previously proposed habituation models of single-cell movement and animal neural-circuit regulation. These findings are significant because they open new avenues for research into the generality and evolutionary origins of acclimation learning.