Revisiting daily growth and survival insights of Southern bluefin tuna ( Thunnus maccoyii) larvae in the eastern Indian Ocean

This study analyzed the growth patterns and survival of Southern bluefin tuna (SBT, Thunnus maccoyii ) larvae collected during January–February 2022 in their only known spawning area in the eastern Indian Ocean (IO). Otolith microstructure was examined to characterize both population-level and intra-population growth (OPT-optimal and DEF-deficient group), with special emphasis on the flexion process, as well as to provide insights into larval survival. SBT larvae began flexion at sizes and ages comparable to those reported in other bluefin tuna species. At the intra-population level, larvae reached flexion at the same age; however, optimal (OPT) larvae reached this stage in better physical condition, with greater length, weight, and body depth, likely increasing their chances of survival at later stages. The observed larval growth rates (0.38 mm·d⁻¹) exceeded those from a historical study in 1987 (0.33 mm·d⁻¹), likely due to a ∼2 °C increase in sea surface temperature and shifts in prey availability. Larval survival appears to depend on a selective process based on growth, in which only a small proportion of individuals (<2%) exhibited width increment in otoliths similar to those of surviving larvae, allowing for faster development and earlier access to larger prey. These findings highlight the need for expanded research on the early life stages of SBT, particularly in the context of ongoing ocean warming and climate change.