Autoantibodies targeting CRB2 and Nephrin correlate with extrafollicular B cells in idiopathic podocytopathies

The recent discovery of autoantibodies against slit diaphragm proteins in idiopathic podocytopathies suggest an etiology of podocyte-directed autoimmunity. However, the immune mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity in disease phenotypes remain unknown. By examining the autoantibody and B cell profiles of children and adults with idiopathic podocytopathies, we identify anti-CRB2 as a prevalent autoantibody across disease phenotypes, with preferential accumulation in adults. Anti-CRB2 can occur alongside anti-Nephrin in humans, and mouse models showing epitope spreading as a potential mechanism for their emergence. In children, both autoantibodies correlated with T-bet ⁺ CD21 ^low atypical B cell expansion in blood. In adults, elevated frequencies of classical memory B cells indicated a greater degree of B cell dysregulation than in children. Further profiling in children revealed a broadly dysregulated B cell pool poised for activation and the preferential accumulation of V _H 4-39 ⁺ B cell clonotypes within the repertoire. These findings provide rationale for the heterogeneity in idiopathic podocytopathies and highlights the importance of identifying biomarkers for advancing care.