Biogeographical and phylogenetic constraints on horizontal gene transfer and genome evolution in Streptomyces

The role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in shaping bacterial genomes is well recognized, but constraints on gene exchange and the degree to which these constraints shape genome evolution remain poorly described. In this study, we sought to determine whether geographic and phylogenetic distance constrains HGT within and between bacterial species. To address this question, we isolated strains ( n = 17) of two closely related bacterial species, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces pratensis from two ecologically similar sites. We identified homologous recombination events within the core genomes of these species (557 recent and 457 ancient) and determined that patterns of recombination were constrained primarily by phylogeny rather than geography. Notably, shell accessory genes were over three times more likely to be shared between the same species than with non-related geographical neighbors. The richness of secondary metabolite gene clusters is highly variable with an average of 35 – 55 clusters per genome, depending on clade membership. The majority of secondary metabolite gene clusters (60%) are found in all strains, indicating that they were present in the most recent common ancestor of S. griseus and pratensis . We conclude that most HGT in the core and accessory genome is phylogenetically constrained, while HGT of shell genes is more likely constrained by geography. This outcome indicates that the predominant mechanisms of HGT favor high phylogenetic relatedness, and that rapid gene acquisition and loss in the accessory genome could aid with adaptation to contemporary environmental conditions.