A steady state pool of calcium-dependent actin is maintained by Homer and controls epithelial mechanosensation
Listed in
This article is not in any list yet, why not save it to one of your lists.Abstract
Epithelial cells are inherently contractile and in homeostasis, tissue integrity is maintained by balancing the uneven contractile forces in neighboring cells at the cell-cell interface. By contrast, epithelial cells can utilize an imbalance in contractile force to communicate various information to induce tissue-wide response as in wound healing. Contractility is generated and processed at the apical junctional complex (AJC) by the dynamic behavior of the actin cytoskeleton. Calcium signaling can pattern cellular responses based on its reach and amplitude and the actin cytoskeleton is supported by its wide ranging effects on actin regulators. Calcium transients regulate various cell behaviors associated with actin remodeling, such as in damage response and developmental morphogenesis. Here we report that calcium maintains an adaptive pool of AJC-associated actin that is sensitive to tension and encoded by calcium dynamics. For this, the recently identified epithelial polarity module Homer-MUPP1/PatJ is required. Homer regulates calcium signaling in various tissue contexts through interaction with numerous components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) calcium signal toolkit. Knockout of either Homer or MUPP1/PatJ attenuated tension-induced calcium response and severely disrupted wound healing migration, which is dependent on guidance input through AJC tension. We also show that Homer is integral to early embryonic neurodevelopment as its suppression causes failure of neural tube closure. Our findings highlight the critical role of localized calcium dynamics on AJC actin remodeling and cellular behavior, elucidating the means of tissue coordination through intercellular tension.
Significance statement
This study uncovers a novel mechanism by which localized calcium dynamics at the apical junctional complex maintain an adaptive, tension sensitive pool of actin, regulated by the epithelial polarity scaffolds Homer and MUPP1/PatJ. Importantly, this mechanism operates without perturbing epithelial polarity, indicating a specific means to modulate tissue mechanics. By linking mechanical forces to localized calcium amplification, this module enables precise mechanosensation, coordinating collective behaviors such as epithelial wound healing and neural tube closure in Xenopus . These findings redefine our understanding of intercellular tension sensing in epithelial tissues and highlight the Homer–calcium signaling axis as a key driver of tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis, with far reaching implications for developmental biology, regenerative medicine, and neural tube defect pathogenesis.
