Universal principles of protein resource allocation among cellular organelles revealed by yeast large-scale absolute quantitative proteomics

The presence of organelles is a hallmark distinguishing eukarya from bacteria and archaea, and this culminates in compartmentalization of cellular metabolism and subsequent metabolic specialization. Here we established a dataset encompassing over 300 absolute quantitative proteomes, the largest to date, across two yeast species under diverse experimental conditions. Leveraging big data analysis, formula fitting, and machine learning models, quantitative correlations among protein abundance, organelle-level resource distribution, and cellular phenotypes were elucidated at a system level. We found that protein resources always exhibit robust and precise distribution at the organelle level across distinct conditions. Specifically, at high specific growth rates, the protein mass fraction from some main organelles, i.e., peroxisome and nucleus, is consistently reduced to offset the increasing protein resource demand from the ribosome. Meanwhile, we found that the nutrition limitation could induce resource recycling by upregulating protein resources within the vacuole and lipid droplets to sustain stress adaptation. Importantly, our integrative analysis demonstrates that protein mass fraction from less than 4 organelles (e.g., nucleus and ribosomes) can accurately predict diverse yeast physiological parameters (e.g., specific growth rate, oxygen uptake rate), and a core set of 37 proteins could predict resource allocation among 24 main organelles and sub-organelles with high accuracy (average R^2 > 0.9). Finally, we found organelle resource allocation reflects the divergence of yeast species. For example, anaerobic conditions and respiratory suppression have less influence on Crabtree-positive yeast, i.e., Saccharomyces cerevisiae , with respect to organelle resource allocation but have a larger effect on the Crabtree-negative yeast Issatchenkia orientalis , thus suggesting that cellular resources have facilitated adaptive evolution. In summary, the high-quality, genome-scale quantitative proteomic dataset for yeast species offers an unprecedented opportunity for understanding the basic principles underlying resource allocation at the organelle level, laying theoretical foundations for precision engineering of cell factories in synthetic biology. The resource used in this study is available at https://yeast-proteome-database.streamlit.app/ .