Greater cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with higher cerebral blood flow and lower oxygen extraction fraction in healthy older adults

Aerobic exercise training promotes cardiovascular, brain and cognitive health. Regular exercise is associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness, commonly assessed by peak oxygen uptake (VO _2peak ) during maximal effort testing. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness has been linked to preserved brain health, particularly higher grey matter volume and perfusion. The brain relies heavily on oxidative metabolism, yet the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain oxidative metabolism remains underexplored. This study investigated the association between VO _2peak and two key cerebral metabolic parameters: the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO ₂ ) and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), which represents the balance between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CMRO ₂ .

Thirty-seven healthy adults aged ≥50 underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing for VO _2peak assessment. Neuroimaging included dual calibrated functional MRI (dc-fMRI) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Higher VO _2peak correlated positively with higher CBF across whole-brain grey matter but showed no relationship with CMRO ₂ . Conversely, higher VO _2peak negatively correlated with lower OEF from both dc-fMRI and QSM. These findings suggest that greater cardiorespiratory fitness enhances cerebral perfusion without changing resting metabolic rate in healthy older adults, resulting in a reduced oxygen extraction. These results are consistent with exercise yielding improved vascular– metabolic coupling, which would reduce the likelihood of transient hypoxic episodes.