Individual differences drive social hierarchies in mouse societies

Social structures in naturalistic animal groups emerge from repeated interactions between individuals. Yet it remains unclear whether social position reflects a single behavioral axis or arises from multiple, dissociable processes, and to what extent social structures are shaped by stable traits of the individuals or by emergent group dynamics. Addressing these questions in mice requires continuous, long-term tracking of multiple behaviors of individuals in unperturbed groups of sufficient size. To this end, we developed the NoSeMaze, a high-throughput, non-invasive sensor-rich habitat enabling scalable study of naturalistic social interactions. Spontaneous dyadic tube competitions revealed stable, transitive social hierarchies, with individual ranks persisting even after group reshuffling. Similarly, proactive chasing showed strong, trait-like stability across different social contexts. However, social status was not monolithic: rank and chasing were only moderately aligned. Their relationship was stronger in groups with less clarified hierarchies, where mice relied more on aggressive signaling to assert their position. Additionally, chasing was disproportionately concentrated among top-ranking individuals, suggesting active status negotiation within the social elite. Despite its stability, chasing thus fulfilled distinct functional roles depending on social context. Our findings support a systems-level view in which social position results from the interplay between stable individual traits and group-level dynamics. The modular NoSeMaze platform thereby reveals the multidimensional nature of social rank organization in mice.