Post-inhibitory rebound firing drives hypothalamic activation for male mating

Many behaviorally relevant limbic circuits are dominated by inhibitory connections, raising the question of how neuronal activation arises in such contexts. In male mating, both activation of mPOA and its inhibitory inputs are essential—a paradox previously ascribed to disinhibition. Here, we show that the mPOA largely lacks local inhibitory circuits, arguing against disinhibition. Instead, in vivo recordings reveal that mount-active mPOA neurons are suppressed prior to behavioral onset, and this inhibition negatively correlates with subsequent activation, consistent with post- inhibitory rebound firing (PIR). A biologically plausible conductance-based model demonstrates that synaptic inhibition interacts with T-type Ca²⁺ currents — the ionic basis of PIR — to promote mPOA neuron firing. Experimentally, bidirectional manipulations of mPOA T-type Ca²⁺ channels confirm this mechanism: knockdown reduces PIR and impairs male mating, while overexpression enhances mating. Together, these results identify PIR as a critical mechanism by which inhibition promotes activation in limbic circuits to drive male mating.