AutoLead: An LLM-Guided Bayesian Optimization Framework for Multi-Objective Lead Optimization

The process of lead optimization in drug discovery is a complex, multi-objective challenge that remains a major bottleneck in the development of new therapeutics. Traditional approaches often struggle to efficiently explore the vast chemical space while simultaneously optimizing multiple, and sometimes conflicting, molecular properties. In this work, we present AutoLead, a novel framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) with multi-objective Bayesian optimization to tackle this challenge. By leveraging the chemical reasoning capabilities of LLMs, AutoLead effectively guides the search for novel drug-like molecules that satisfy multiple objectives. We evaluate our approach on two molecule optimization tasks, achieving state-of-the-art results. Furthermore, we introduce a new benchmark dataset designed around a more realistic lead optimization scenario, where the task is to modify compounds that violate Lipinski’s Rule of Five to simultaneously meet all criteria and improve their QED score. Through extensive experiments and a detailed case study, we demonstrate the potential of combining LLMs with black-box optimization techniques for more efficient and practical drug discovery.