Engineering anaerobic fungal-bacterial consortia for direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into medium-chain fatty acids

Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable feedstock for sustainable fuels and chemicals, yet industrial conversion remains constrained by carbohydrate solubilization. Inspired by herbivore rumen microbiomes, we engineered an anaerobic fungal-bacterial consortium converting native lignocellulose into medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) without pretreatment. Systematic screening identified a newly isolated anaerobic fungus, Neocallimastix sp. FC1, in co-culture with Megasphaera hexanoica as a top-performing pair, achieving a lignocellulose-to-MCFA yield of 21.0 % (carbon-to-carbon basis) through tight lactate cross-feeding without competition for soluble sugars. Because fungal lactate production rate constrained the growth of M. hexanoica , the bacterium reallocated protein from growth toward chain elongation, resulting in increased MCFAs production over butyrate. These results demonstrate that high lignocellulose-to-MCFA conversion by the consortium requires high lactate-producing capability and operating regimes sustaining low lactate concentrations at high flux. Technoeconomic analysis further identifies the cost and yield thresholds required for economically viable deployment, establishing quantitative design targets for pretreatment-free fungal-bacterial lignocellulose upgrading.