Exercise induces time-dependent but not sex-specific transcriptomic changes in healthy human skeletal muscle

Elucidating the time-dependent transcriptional response of skeletal muscle to exercise is essential for uncovering the molecular mechanisms that drive its health-promoting effects. However, previous studies have been limited by a small number of muscle biopsies, often collected at arbitrary time points post-exercise, and in predominantly male subjects. Using the most comprehensive skeletal muscle biopsy time course following a single session of exercise in both males and females, we identified over 16,600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including more than 7,000 novel exercise-responsive genes. Of these DEGs, the magnitude of differential expression in 60% of genes was influenced by cardiorespiratory fitness. Although most mitochondrial genes were differentially expressed after exercise, the majority were downregulated at 24–48 hours, suggesting that mitochondrial protein expression may be regulated by post-transcriptional regulation. Despite 1,193 genes showing sex-specific expression at baseline, exercise-induced gene expression differences were minimal between males and females, suggesting that when cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise stimulus are matched, skeletal muscle adaptations are similar between sexes. To enhance data accessibility, we created an interactive Shiny app ( https://BishopLab.shinyapps.io/EXERgene/ ) that allows users to investigate specific genes and interrogate potential mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise.