Depression symptoms enhance goal-directed behavior under uncertainty

Achieving goals in uncertain environments requires integrating expected benefits, costs, and the likelihood of outcomes – processes that may be disrupted in depression. Although depression is characterized by affective and motivational biases, the computational mechanisms by which these symptoms shape goal-directed decision-making remain poorly understood. We investigated these mechanisms using a novel goal-directed decision task. After learning the structure of the environments, participants (n = 384) chose between certain rewards and risky goals varying in both reward magnitude and distance, where greater goal distance led to higher compounded risk of failure. Using transdiagnostic symptom factors derived from clinical questionnaires, we found that individuals with higher apathy–anhedonia symptoms reported lower expectations of goal success yet showed enhanced performance across multiple aspects of goal-directed behavior. These results reveal a dissociation between perceived risk and its influence on choice in individuals with motivational symptoms, and uncover a novel positive link between these symptoms and adaptive behavior.