Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension Among People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study at Mwananyamala Hospital, Tanzania
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Introduction
Hypertension is an emerging comorbidity among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), contributing to increased cardiovascular risk. Despite increased survival rates due to ART, PLHIV face a higher risk of hypertension compared to the general population. This study investigates the prevalence, HIV-related factors, and knowledge levels of hypertension among PLHIV on ART.
Methods
A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 296 PLHIV on ART for over six months was conducted between September 2024 and March 2025. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and patient records. Blood pressure was measured following American Heart Association standards. Logistic regression identified factors associated with hypertension at p<0.05.
Results
The prevalence of hypertension was 32.8%. Higher prevalence was observed among participants aged ≥55 years (56.3%), those who were physically inactive (39.1%), obese (45.8%), or had a family history of hypertension (42.9%). Knowledge of hypertension was moderate (mean 53.9%), with only 10.8% correctly identifying normal blood pressure levels. In multivariate analysis, longer duration since HIV diagnosis (1-5 years: aOR = 3.12, p = 0.003; 6-10 years: aOR = 2.74, p = 0.003) and higher CD4 counts (≥500 cells/mm3: aOR = 1.51, p = 0.029) were independently associated with greater risk of hypertension, whereas shorter ART duration (<1 year: aOR 0.12, p=0.043) was associated with lower risk.
Conclusions
Hypertension is highly prevalent among people living with HIV on ART in Tanzania, influenced by both traditional and HIV-related factors. Integrating hypertension screening and education within HIV care services is essential. Strengthening community engagement in chronic disease screening can enhance early detection, improve awareness, and promote preventive behaviours, ultimately reducing the dual burden of HIV and non-communicable diseases.
