ICEPIC: A Toolkit to Discover Ice Binding Proteins from Sequence

Ice binding proteins, such as antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and ice nucleation proteins (INPs), are critical for survival in subzero environments and have wide-ranging applications in biotechnology, agriculture, and materials science. Current discovery methods for these proteins are constrained by low throughput and limited datasets that are not conducive for engineering. Here, we present a high-throughput, sequence-based model that leverages contextual embeddings from protein language models to predict ice binding potential, as well as the expression and activity potential of candidate proteins. Using a curated data corpus of over 18,000 ice binding proteins — far larger than previous datasets — we fine-tuned a ProtBERT-based model, achieving 99% accuracy for prediction of ice binding potential. Sensitivity analyses through targeted mutagenesis (alanine and threonine substitutions) confirmed the model’s biological significance, revealing functionally important residues and sequence patterns. Additionally, we developed an expression prediction model that achieved an R ² score of 0.64 and low false-negative rates in identifying highly expressible candidates in Pichia pastoris . An additional regression model trained to predict ice activity as measured by thermal hysteresis achieved an R ² score of at least 0.79 with a clear difference in prediction between ice binding and non-ice binding proteins. Our toolkit advances the predictive accuracy, interpretability, and scalability of ice binding protein discovery, offering a powerful tool for protein engineering in cold-environment applications.