A Semantic Framework for Predicting Herbal-Drug Biotransformation Conflicts via Biomedical Literature Mining

The widespread use of herbal supplements alongside conventional medicines increases the risk of unpredictable interactions affecting drug absorption and metabolism. This study introduces a comprehensive semantic framework that synthesizes knowledge from biomedical ontologies, curated databases, and full-text literature to model potential biotransformation conflicts between natural compounds and pharmaceutical agents. Leveraging advanced relation extraction systems and graph-based inference techniques, we constructed an enriched knowledge graph capable of highlighting mechanistic pathways involving enzymes, transporters, and drug constituents. Case studies with compounds like green tea and kratom demonstrate the framework’s potential to surface both known and previously underexplored interactions. The proposed system offers a scalable, hypothesis-generating platform for early-stage pharmacokinetic safety analysis in the context of natural product co-administration.