Music Scaffolds Visual Statistical Sequence Learning Through Network-Level Reorganization in the Brain

Statistical learning—the ability to extract patterns from noisy continuous experiences—is fundamental to human cognition. Yet, how contextual factors shape this process remains poorly understood. Music is an important example of such contextual factors, because it is ubiquitous in human experience and provides a rich temporally-structured stimulus that can co-occur with other learning processes. Here we demonstrate that pairing music fundamentally enhances visual statistical learning, and this is correlated with systematic reorganization of large-scale brain networks. Using fMRI and a novel probabilistic sequence learning paradigm, we show that familiar melodies significantly improved participants’ ability to segment continuous visual streams into events and learn sequential relationships. Neuroimaging analyses revealed that the presence of music fundamentally altered the neural network organization that coordinates learning mechanisms: while sequence learning in silence engaged frontal-parietal networks associated with explicit pattern extraction, providing musical temporal structure as a context shifted learning toward MTL-vmPFC circuits recently implicated in schema-guided memory processing. Machine learning analyses confirmed these architectural differences, with the music condition achieving optimal neural prediction of behavioral performance through distributed connectivity patterns while control condition relied on concentrated processing. Our findings support a Cross-Modal Temporal Scaffolding Theory, demonstrating that structured temporal context signals from one modality (here, music) can create more efficient neural states for sequence processing in another through dual mechanisms: enhanced memory integration through schema-guided learning and reduced demands on explicit control resources. These results identify network-level principles for optimizing statistical learning, with broad implications for understanding how environmental context shapes human learning capacity.