Discovery and genomics of H ₂ -oxidizing/O ₂ -reducing Deferribacterota ectosymbiotic with protists in the guts of termites and a Cryptocercus cockroach

Members of the phylum Deferribacterota inhabit diverse environments, but their cellular symbiosis with protists has never been reported. We discovered an ectosymbiotic clade of Deferribacterota specifically associated with spirotrichonymphid protists in the guts of the termites Reticulitermes speratus and Hodotermopsis sjostedti and trichonymphid protists in the gut of the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus . These ectosymbionts were spiral rods, attached to 16­–91% of the host protist cells. These formed a monophyletic cluster within an uncultured family-level clade exclusively comprising insect gut-associated lineages. The complete genome of an ectosymbiotic Deferribacterota , CpT32-4, was obtained from a Trichonympha acuta cell in a C. punctulatus gut and analyzed with a single-cell amplified genome of another ectosymbiotic Deferribacterota , RsTz2-092, associated with Holomastigotes sp. in the gut of R. speratus . The genome analyses suggested that these Deferribacterota ferment monosaccharides and conduct fumarate and oxidative respiration with H ₂ as an electron donor. Thus, these bacteria possibly contribute to the removal of hydrogen and oxygen to protect the fermentative activity of the protist hosts. The ectosymbionts exhibited reduction in the number of genes related to signal transduction, implying that the association has provided a relatively stable environment for these bacteria. Notably, these ectosymbionts likely possess flagella with an unusually expanded number of flagellin variants up to 40, which may reflect an adaptation to their ectosymbiotic lifestyle. We propose the novel genus “ Candidatus Termitispirillum” for these ectosymbionts and the novel family “ Candidatus Termitispirillaceae” for the insect-gut clade. Our findings provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of Deferribacterota .