Murine cytomegalovirus evolved a cell-cycle regulator (m54.5) within the highly conserved viral DNA polymerase gene
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Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) coupled with transcription start site profiling time-course analyses recently unveiled hundreds of novel viral gene products in lytic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. One of these is the m54.5 open reading frame (ORF) located within the highly conserved viral DNA polymerase locus (M54). Interestingly, the m54.5 ORF is expressed from its own transcript (m54.5 RNA) with early gene expression kinetics, and at much higher levels than M54. In this study, we show that m54.5 encodes a nuclear viral protein (m54.5p) that contributes to cell cycle regulation during lytic MCMV infection. We show that m54.5p interacts with components of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and the phosphatase-6 (PP6) complex. Nocodazole mitotic arrest assays confirmed G1 cell cycle arrest and dysregulation by m54.5. Serum starvation revealed impaired cell cycle progression to S-phase. Notably, m54.5p is not conserved in other cytomegaloviruses but functionally mimics the UL21a protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which similarly targets the master cell cycle regulator APC/C to disrupt cell cycle progression. m54.5 thus represents convergent evolution to HCMV UL21a in MCMV within the highly conserved viral DNA polymerase gene. Nevertheless, we found that m54.5p is dispensable for viral replication in cultured mouse fibroblasts, indicative of redundant cell cycle regulation in lytic MCMV infection. These findings highlight a surprising genomic plasticity of herpesviruses, facilitating the evolution of an independent transcript encoding for a >200 aa gene product within a deeply conserved viral gene locus.
Author Summary
Systems biology approaches have revealed a surprising complexity of herpesvirus gene products. Using advanced sequencing approaches, we discovered a novel gene, m54.5 , that independently evolved within a highly conserved region of the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) genome. This gene, which shows no conservation in other CMVs, produces a nuclear protein, m54.5p, abundantly expressed early during infection. We show that m54.5p interacts with host cell cycle regulators—the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and phosphatase-6 (PP6)—to arrest cells in G1 phase and block progression into S phase. This function and underlying mechanism are reminiscent of the unrelated UL21a protein in human cytomegalovirus, illustrating how distinct viruses can evolve similar strategies to control host cell division. Despite its role in cell cycle disruption, m54.5p is not required for MCMV replication in cultured cells, suggesting redundant viral mechanisms. Our findings reveal an unexpected plasticity of herpesvirus genomes to evolve new, functional transcripts and proteins even within one of the most highly conserved genomic regions. Our findings thereby reshape our understanding of herpesvirus evolution and virus-host interaction.
