Ophthalmic imaging as a measure of cardiovascular and neurological health: a multi-omic analysis of deep-learning derived phenotypes

The eye is a recognised source of biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease risk. Here, we characterise the breadth of these associations and identify biological axes that may mediate them. Using UK Biobank data, we developed a multi-omic analysis pipeline integrating physiological, radiomic, metabolomic, and genomic information. We trained adversarial autoencoders (Ret-AAE) to represent optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and colour fundus photographs as 256-dimensional embeddings. Ret-AAE derived embeddings were associated with a range of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, including ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia. Examining associations across diverse omics datasets, we provide evidence linking ophthalmic imaging features to neurological and cardiovascular anatomy and function, lipid metabolism, and gene sets associated with neurodegenerative pathology. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ophthalmic features reflect complex, multisystem biological processes, and reinforce the role of the eye as a composite indicator of systemic health.