Protective Dietary Antioxidants Intake Attenuate Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Progression
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Background
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is characterized by complex pathophysiological interactions among cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney disease. Although there is evidence linking dietary antioxidants to the reduction of oxidative stress, comprehensive studies investigating relationships between CKM syndrome and antioxidants remain limited.
Methods
This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 5,349 participants (NHANES 2007–2010, 2017–2018) to evaluate the associations between 43 dietary antioxidants and CKM syndrome stages. Participants were categorised into subgroups: CKM syndrome vs. non-CKM syndrome and CKM syndrome stage groups (0-4). Sequential ordinal logistic regression was employed while adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle variables. Five machine learning models—XGBoost, Balanced Random Forest (BRF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Glmnet, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)—were trained after removing multicollinearity features to identify predictors for CKM syndrome. Model performance was assessed using AUC-ROC, sensitivity, specificity metrics, and SHAP analysis for interpretability enhancement.
Results
The CKM syndrome group (90.8% of participants) exhibited lower intakes of daidzein (0.663 vs. 1.494 mg/day, p = 0.004) and genistein (0.976 vs. 2.149 mg/day, p = 0.007) compared to non-CKM syndrome. There were significant statistical differences in age, sex, race-ethnicity, education level, family income-to-poverty ratio, weekly physical activity status, and smoking status among the 4 stages of CKM syndrome (all p <0.05). Ordinal regression revealed significant inverse associations between CKM syndrome progression and antioxidants: vitamin C (OR: 0.999, p = 0.041), magnesium (OR: 0.999, p <0.001), daidzein (OR: 0.965, p = 0.047), genistein (OR: 0.977, p = 0.037), delphinidin (OR: 0.983, p = 0.024), apigenin (OR: 0.952, p <0.001), luteolin (OR: 0.930, p = 0.031), kaempferol(OR:0.986, p = 0.026), total flavones(OR: 0.958, p = 0.012), and total flavonols(OR: 0.996, p = 0.049). ML models identified XGBoost as optimal (AUC-ROC: 0.922, specificity: 0.852), with age as the strongest risk predictor (SHAP: 0.535). Protective antioxidants included selenium (−0.1838), luteolin (−0.2019), total flavonoids (−0.1345), vitamin E (−0.1511), magnesium (−0.1849), vitamin A (−0.1987), myricetin (−0.1483), vitamin C (−0.1862), kaempferol (−0.1546), zinc (−0.1615), subtotal catechins (−0.1172), and total flavan-3-ols (−0.2073).
Conclusion
Dietary antioxidants, particularly flavonoids and vitamins, exhibit protective associations against the progression of CKM syndrome. These findings support the implementation of targeted dietary interventions and advocate for early screening in high-risk populations.
